China's Rising Reserves, US Fiscal & Current Account Deficits

The following is a summary of a good article by Michael Pettis on whether China's reserves goes to fund the US fiscal deficit:

Mainland China's foreign reserves surged to a record US$2.13 trillion at the end June2009, confirming concerns that speculative capital is flooding into the nation to bet on rising asset prices and a quick economic recovery. Reserves rose US$178 billion in the second quarter, the biggest quarterly increase on record and up from the US$1.95 trillion yuan at the end of March. Most of the increase was driven by the very large trade surplus and smaller but still high net FDI inflows, plus of course returns on the existing portfolio. However, there is the unexplained portion of the increase in reserves, which serves as a proxy for hot money, has turned from negative in the first quarter to very positive in the second.

Hot money is pro-cyclical, and its effect will be to intensify growth in the short term, even as it increases volatility and makes monetary policy more difficult. China's central bank must recycle the net surplus on the current account and the capital account, and with the very high current account surplus, China would be creating a huge amount of domestic money just from that source. The fact that it is also running a large capital account surplus makes the central bank's monetary management that much more difficult. As long as this fiscal-stimulus-induced boom continues, hot money inflows will heat things up even more.

Does the fact that China has huge reserves mean that they will be buying loads of US Treasuries? Is China still funding the US deficit? Most people will not be differentiating between the US fiscal deficit and the US current account deficit. China is mainly funding ONE of them, not both of them altogether. When we take things and argue, we must be clear on the details because we end up revealing how shallow and little we know of the subject matter.

Goldman Sachs Group Inc. estimates that US government borrowing may total US$3.25 trillion in the year ending Sept. 30, almost four times the US$892 billion in 2008, to finance the budget deficit. Here is an example of warped thinking and a poor grasp of economics : “China’s reserves will allow the U.S. to run a higher fiscal deficit than other nations,” said Bilal Hafeez, the London-based global head of currency strategy at Deutsche Bank AG.

That is incorrect and flawed. The fact that China’s reserves have surged will in no way make it easier for the US to fund its fiscal deficit even though China has no choice but to invest these additional reserves in US Treasury bonds. Besides valuation changes and interest income, there are two reasons for the increase in the reserves – the very high trade surplus and net capital inflows into China. Take the second reason first. If money flows into China for investment purposes, it must flow out of somewhere else, and that somewhere else for the most part means the global pool of dollar savings which would anyway have been available to fund the US fiscal deficit directly or indirectly. China is acting like a unique bank that takes risk-seeking money and funnels it into low-risk assets. The USA profits from this intermediation while China runs a significant negative carry.

What about the dollars generated from the trade surplus and invested into US Treasury bonds? Won’t that help the US fund its fiscal deficit? Again the answer is no. The US government is not borrowing for abstract reasons, but rather is borrowing in order to spend locally to generate domestic employment. The amount of borrowing it needs to generate a fixed amount of domestic jobs is correlated with the US trade deficit, because it is through the trade deficit that domestic consumption “leaks out” to create jobs abroad. The higher the trade deficit, in other words, the more the US government needs to borrow to generate a fixed number of American jobs, and so the fact that China is reinvesting the dollars generated by the trade surplus with the US does not make it easier for the US to borrow since it simultaneously requires the US to borrow more. China does not fund the US fiscal deficit. It funds the US current account deficit, and it has no choice but to fund it. If the US wants China to buy US$1 trillion of new bonds every year all it has to do is ensure that the US runs a US$1 trillion trade deficit with China every year.

China may continue to bitch and scream about the Fed's printing press and the plethora of US Treasuries, but they will have to continue to buy and fund the US because the flip side of the coin does no one any good.

p/s photos: Zhou Weitong

Hot Enough For You?!!

Readers of this blog will be aware that I have been saying the unbridled lending in China will need to find its way into assets, be it property of stocks. While I am concerned that this will end tearfully, I do think they will have a rambunctious party time before the sobering after effects. I only see things getting out of hand or collapsing sometime 2H 2010. Now we are seeing definite signs of this liquidity typhoon. Its rearing its ugly head viciously in HK's IPO markets.

That is one part of the equation, the other is the massive amount of liquidity resting by the sidelines for most of the past 12 months, and the equally massive stimulus programs, injections of liquidity and free printing press in the US and Europe ... all tipping their toes into the markets now. What we have been seeing are stock prices running ahead of fundamentals and recovery status.

Most analysts are trumpeting the same mantra: sell into strength, and being proven wrong royally (me included). Sometimes we can be wrong, but can we argue against momentum? We all have some sort of a "model" for valuing what is "fair price". So called experts (analysts, strategists, fund managers) have a more sophisticated model, in that we take into account in varying degrees ... interest rates, growth rates, bad debt levels, inventory levels, investment into R&D and purchasing, employment outlook, PE bands, breakeven levels for products, etc... many others have their own version, or heck, just when it feels right, its good enough.

The massive diversion of funds away from stocks into cash and T-bills 9 months ago has come back to haunt us in a different way. Just a sprinkling of monies back into funds (including international funds) will cause many fund managers to need to deploy into the markets. Especially if you are managing Asian based funds because the last thing you want is to try and time the market as you could MISS OUT.

Imagine if you were managing an Asian fund of just $150m as at April 2009, then suddenly over the last 4 weeks you see these feeder funds, these feeder channels plowing $50m of fresh funds into your fund each week. What are you to do? You have a strategy and market direction that thinks that stock prices may have run a bit ahead of fundamentals, but you now have an additional $200m added to your $150m, you run the risk of underperforming the Asian benchmark massively if you miss out - heads will roll and your company will suffer. If you put the $200m to work, and Asian markets correct a couple of months later - hey, you will still have a job, you are still marked to your Asian benchmarks. That's the craziness of being a fund manager.

Thats the same kind of craziness we are witnessing in this "hot money" flow. Can criticise them but don't stand in the way. In recent months, flows of hot money into China have accelerated. As a result, China's foreign reserves surged to a record high of $2.13trillion in June, even though it had only enjoyed a smallish second quarter trade surplus of $34.8 billion. Apart from hot money, massive lending by mainland banks is creating abundant liquidity, causing the Shanghai stock market to surge by 88.8per cent this year. In the first half of this year, mainland banks rushed to extend 7.37 trillion yuan in fresh loans. It sparked fears that fresh asset bubbles in China might be forming, as the money was diverted to stocks and property. To cope with such a surge of liquidity, Morgan Stanley said China may 'simply be allowing more hot money outflow indirectly into the Hong Kong stock market'.

Even Malaysia has benefited despite not being the center of the liquidity inflow. Just check out how the big indexed stocks have been performing over the last 3 weeks, and you have a very good idea that many international funds are parking in big index stocks so that they won't miss out: Tanjong, Commerz, Genting, Axiata, Sime Darby, AMMB, Parksons (even), B Toto, KLK, IOI etc.

In the unofficial market yesterday, the mainland cement maker surged 62.38 percent to HK$10.36 from an offer price of HK$6.38. Back to the HK's IPO: new Hong Kong listing BBMG Corp became this year's best performing player on the gray market as it soared more than 60 percent yesterday ahead of its stock exchange debut today. Based on its gray market price, BBMG was also the most profitable initial public offering stock as investors earned a paper gain of HK$1,990 per board lot of 500 shares.

Amber Energy, which saw a rise of 36 percent on the gray market, rose 63 percent on its debut early this month. BaWang International, which increased nearly 29 percent on the gray market, climbed 27 percent on its debut.

A total of more than 404,000 applications were filed by retail investors, worth HK$461 billion. BBMG's shares were oversubscribed 773.6 times. Investors who subscribed for 12 lots of BBMG shares are guaranteed one lot. The company reaped net proceeds of HK$5.575 billion from the global offering.

Meanwhile, mainland firm Sany Heavy Equipment plans to raise at least $200 million (HK$1.56 billion) in the Hong Kong listing market in the fourth quarter. For the mainland market, automaker Great Wall Motor is considering resurrecting plans for a domestic A-share IPO. China State Construction Engineering will list on the Shanghai bourse today after raising more than 50 billion yuan (HK$56.7 billion) as the world's largest IPO this year.

You know things are really getting hot when both Las Vegas Sands (Macau) and Wynn's (Macau) both are filing for IPOs in HK already. Iron is hot, iron is very hot... Las Vegas Sands Corp, controlled by billionaire Sheldon Adelson, plans to apply in Hong Kong for an initial public offering of shares in its Macau casinos in early August. The Las Vegas-based casino operator also seeks amendments to its bank borrowings in Macau, including covenant relief and permission to sell as much as $1.5 billion in new debt, said the person, declining to be identified as the plans aren’t public. Wynn Resorts has submitted an application to list its Macau unit on the Hong Kong stock exchange, hoping to raise between $500 million and $1 billion.

The following are some of the major companies planning initial public offerings
on the Hong Kong stock exchange:
China National Pharmaceutical Group (raising HK$1.3bn)
China Metallurgical Group (raising HK$1.3bn)
China Minsheng Bank (raising HK$2.93bn)
Agricultural Bank of China (raising HK$35 billion) in IPOs
split equally between Hong Kong and Shanghai.


        

p/s photos: Chrissie Chau

China's Lending Explosion

Is there anything wrong with China's lending spree. The central bank basically "advised" banks to ratchet up their lending, and the banks followed dutifully for the past couple of quarters with amazing results.

First of all, you cannot suddenly find so many attractive "borrowers" to lend aggressively to. Secondly, not many will say no when you offer to lend them money.

To be fair, this strategy pulled the domestic economy from falling further along with the ill effects of a global economy in crisis, but at what price. As I have mentioned before, this has to play itself out, and will not result in a sudden correction in property or stock prices in China. The liquidity rush will soon find its way into higher equity prices in China (hence bullish for the rest of the year for Chinese equity), and some may trickle back into Chinese property mart as well. Brace for high default rates when the music stops, probably after Chinese New Year in 2010.

China’s new lending more than doubled in June from a month earlier, increasing concerns bad loans and asset bubbles will emerge amid a credit boom.

New lending was 1.53 trillion yuan ($224 billion), the central bank said on its Web site today, bringing total lending this year to 7.4 trillion yuan. The calculation for new loans is preliminary, the central bank added.

The government is countering an export collapse by flooding the economy with money to fuel domestic demand. Rapid credit growth poses a risk to the nation’s lenders and a concentration of credit in some industries and businesses may damage the stability of the financial system, the banking regulator said yesterday.

Excess liquidity is fueling speculation and that means asset bubbles and wasteful investment. Already China recently failed to complete a $4.1bn auction of one-year government bonds, which suggested that investors are positioning for higher inflation caused by the credit surge.

Just something more to chew on, in 2005 Ernst & Young published a survey estimating that the bad loans in the Chinese banking system equaled close to $900 billion. Since then there has been enormous speculation in both the stock and real estate market. The average urban residential property prices fell by 15 to 30 per cent over the next two years from their levels at the end of 2008. Of course, by the end of 2008 they had already fallen from there 2007 highs. You cannot have real estate fall that much without having bad loans. Here is the juicy part, according to the prospectus for the Commercial Bank of China, it is illegal in China to foreclose on residential property.So what are bad loans? Bad loans = immediate write downs? No, they are then carried as what??? ... long term assets??? The reality is that no one knows exactly how bad the situation is in any bank. Information has value and is not disclosed unless required by law or for consideration. Since the banks in China are owned by the state, there is no legal requirement.


Something's gotta give ... but let's have a bull run first...

p/s photos: Elanne Kong Yuk Lam

China's Liquidity Traps & Benefits

China has been ramping up lending over the last 7 months. Yes, it was with good intentions. Yes, it was actual lending not just for show. Yes, banks in China were "asked" to do their bit to lend aggressively. While there is a lot of good to have money circulating around, it will also weigh down on those borrowing on the "unqualified" end of the spectrum, people who willing take on more debt than they should. Its a mini time bomb. No, it will not implode yet. What the figures below shows to me is that China's equity markets will have a major run up right through the end of 2009. When you pump in so much liquidity, there are very few places for it to surface. We may see a combustion effect only maybe in the second half of 2010.

China's credit card debt that was at least six months overdue rose 133.1 percent year on year in the first quarter to 4.97 billion yuan (727.67 million U.S. dollars), the People's Bank of China, or the central bank. Debt overdue by six months or more accounted for 3 percent of the total outstanding credit card debt at the end of March, or 0.6percentage point more than in the same period last year, the report said.

It warned of potential risks of the increasing overdue credit card debt as financial institutions expanded their credit card business. As of March 31, Chinese banks had issued more than 150 million credit cards, or 0.11 card per person, up 42.9 percent year on year. But Chinese consumers still have relatively few credit cards, compared with 4.39 per person in the United States and 0.95 in Brazil. Outstanding credit card loans rose 87.6 percent year-on-year to165.86 billion yuan at the end of March.

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New bank loans in China will exceed 1 trillion yuan (US$146 billion) and may top 1.2 trillion yuan this month as the regulator expressed its concern over irresponsible lending, according to a newspaper report.

This month's figure may be the third-highest this year after March's and January's, the China Securities Journal reported yesterday, citing people it didn't identify. That would also represent a sharp jump from May's 664.5 billion yuan.

The news, coming in the wake of the central bank's remark on Thursday that it will stick to an appropriately loose monetary policy to support economic growth, sent bank shares higher yesterday on expectations of better profit.

Shanghai Pudong Development Bank gained 3.79 percent to 22.98 yuan while the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the country's biggest lender, rose 2.02 percent to 5.55 yuan, easily outperforming the key Shanghai Composite Index.

Earlier this week, the China Banking Regulatory Commission demanded that lenders avoid a sudden jump in loans at the end of each month and each quarter, a move used by domestic banks to meet internal targets.

The regulator told lenders to ensure the money is channeled to the right sectors such as small businesses to help stimulate the economy, and to monitor capital flow into the stock and property markets.

This month's lending surge was mainly fueled by mortgage loans and funding of government projects, the Journal said.

The new bank loans in the first five months of the year have reached 5.84 trillion yuan, more than last year's total and exceeding the government's target of 5 trillion yuan for this year.


p/s photos: Zhou Weitong

China's Growth Sustainable???

China has led the way by asking its banks to loosen the lending taps, and that has been reflected in the broader economy. China is an important export market for most of the smaller Asian countries. China's stimulus plan is a huge kicker, and the country has begun to stockpile a lot of soft and hard commodities. The black spot is that the easy credit has seen outstanding balances on credit cards more than doubled in the most recent quarter. Can China continue on its merry ways to lead the way to stimulate the rest of the world out of the recession?

• China's economy seems to have re-accelerated from the lows of Q4 2008 and Q1 2009 helped by significant government investment and credit extension. While exports continue to deteriorate, reducing the trade surplus, government investment has surged and consumption influenced by government investment is holding up, suggesting that that the Chinese economy may grow at a faster pace in Q2 and Q3 2009 than the 6% rate at the beginning of the year. However in the absence of new external demand and limitations on domestic demand, there is a risk of developing over capacities.
• In April 2009, many private sector analysts began scaling up 2009 estimates to the 7-8+% range from 6-7% range following the investment and lending surge and suggestions that the Chinese economy might be bottoming out. Now forecasters like the world bank are also doing so, if more cautiously.
• World Bank: very expansionary fiscal and monetary policies have kept the economy growing respectably with the country likely to experience a 7.2% growth rate for all of 2009. But China may not grow in the high double digits until the global economy recovers. Market based investment will lag, and despite resiliency, consumption will slow, meaning that the boost to growth may not carry through to 2010.
• In Q1, China's real GDP growth slowed to 6.1% y/y, the slowest in more than a decade and the seventh consecutive quarter of deceleration. Growth slowed to 6.8% in Q4 2008 from 9% for 2008. Several indicators (investment, stabilizing Manufacturing sector, robust consumption) began to show improvement by March 2009, indicating that the growth may accelerate in Q2-Q4 09 from the very weak pace and near stall of end 2008/early 2009.
• In Q1, Government stimulus boosted investment and consumption holding up despite a fall in real incomes. final consumption, investment and net exports contributed 4.3, 2.0, and -0.2 percentage points to GDP respectively.
• Goldman: More aggressive policy stimulus and stronger domestic demand response than previously expected suggests a growth will be 8.3% (previous estimate 6%) in 2009 and 10.9% in 2010 (9%) policymakers will eventually normalize and shift away from aggressive policy loosening, when they are more assured of a stabilization in domestic unemployment and external demand, giving additional insurance to the growth trajectory.
• The recent flood of credit-fuelled (and government-led) investment has staved off an economic collapse that might have sent unemployment surging and damaged the confidence in China's growth trajectory that is so important to its development prospects. However, it is a huge leap to go from this short-term success to declaring China to be out of trouble and back on the road to double-digit growth.
  
• Morgan Stanley: On a seasonally adjusted basis, the economy experienced a 5% rebound in Q109, after the first qoq contraction (-0.5%) in almost eight years. The aggressive policy stimulus should bring about further recovery in H209, making China among the first to emerge from the global downturn. The recovery should be relatively ‘job-rich’ but ‘profit-deficient’, especially in H109, with those exposed to government-supported capex programs likely benefiting most.
• BNP: In Q1, GDP rebounded as a result of the fiscal stimulus and the most expansionary monetary stance since 1997. Household demand for property and autos is rebounding while the credit surge is boosting fixed asset investment meaning China will achieve GDP growth of 7.7% in 2009.
• Citi: After seasonal adjustment GDP growth actually rebounded to 5.3% annualized in Q1, compared to 0.9% growth in Q408. The aggressive expansion in credit and investment seem to bank on a substantial rebound in final demand, or run the risk of greatly increasing overcapacity.
• HS: Given the prevailing external environment, it would still be a severe challenge for mainland China to achieve its 8% growth target this year and officials need to have exit strategies to prevent credit and money supply from expanding too rapidly to jeopardise future macro-economic stability.
• Even with the stimulus, China’s overall economic growth is likely to decline to around 5% in 2009. Although the country could potentially sustain higher growth, the poor outlook for exports over the next two years severely limits any quick recovery.
  
• ADB: Little evidence that China is rebalancing away from investment-led growth, but it is shifting investment sectors. Risk of entrenched inflation and overheating in some sectors

p/s photos: Zhang Xin Yu